| Home | Sound System | Nouns | Verbs | Syntax | Pragmatics | Corpus | Lexicon |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Uvular | Glottal | |
| Stops | p b | t d | k g | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palatalized Stops | č j | c ǵ | ||
| Nasals | m | n | ĝ | |
| Palatalized Nasal | ň | |||
| Fricatives | f v | s | x ǧ | h |
| Palatalized Fricatives | š ž | ś ź | ||
| Lateral Fricatives | ł l | |||
| Trill | r | |||
Palatalization is a historical and phonological classification rather than a purely phonetic one. For example, ⟨č⟩ should not be pronounced as /tʲ/ but rather as /tʃ/. The modern pronunciations are as follows:
Notice that the lateral fricatives and alveolar trill do not have palatalized counterparts on the table. This is because these merged with other palatalized sounds:
For systems that do not support accent marks, a palatalized consonant may be marked by the unpalatalized counterpart followed by an apostrophe. Further, ⟨ĝ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩ and ⟨ł⟩ may be written ⟨ng⟩, ⟨gh⟩ and ⟨ll⟩.
| Front | Back | |
| High | i | u |
|---|---|---|
| Mid | e | o |
| Low | a | |
| Nonsyllabic | y | ă, u |
Palatalization, discussed in the consonant inventory, occurs before /i/ and /e/. i.e. [consonant] > [+palatalized] / _[i, e]
Lenition occurs in a cluster of two unvoiced stops; the first, if unpalatalized, becomes its homorganic fricative. i.e. [p t k] > [f s x] / _[stop]
Stress is non-phonemic. Primary stress falls on the first syllable. In words of four or more syllables, secondary stress falls on every odd vowel, including non-syllabics, excluding a final odd vowel. Secondary stress may shift one syllable to the right if that syllable is currently or historically long; i.e. a closed syllable, diphthong, or the vowels ⟨e⟩ or ⟨o⟩ (historically, short diphthongs [aɪ] and [aʊ]).
evmyar 'boil, infuse'. Two syllable word; only one stress. /ˈev.mjər/
lovosźeževan 'wolf-eater' (a kind of spider). Five-syllable word, two stresses. Historically long ⟨e⟩ retains its stress. /ˈɮo.vɔs.ˈʝe.ʒɛ.vən/